Contributed by Peter Lowitt, based on an article available from Food Ingredients First, December 2016
Karlos Artto et al have published a new piece on this topic. Partial abstract from Researchgate: The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer...